Annotated Bibliography of Nicholas II and the Jews

Theodore Roosevelt reasons with Nicholas II.

This is our most recent book, published on Amazon in January 2025, available almost everywhere.

Notes on specific titles are in bold

This book draws on both published and unpublished sources. Archives and abbreviations used within the Source Notes are listed below.

Gosudarstvennyi Arkhiv Rossisskii Federatsii (State Archives of the Russian Federation), Moscow (cited as GARF)

SA: Sokolov Archive, collection of seven dossiers assembled by White Army Investigator Nicholas Sokolov and made available to the authors for our 2003 work The Fate of the Romanovs by a private collector.

Books

Alexander Mikhailovich, Grand Duke of Russia. Once a Grand Duke. New York: Farrar & Rinehart, 1932.

Alferyev, A. A. Imperator Nikolai II kak chelovek silnoi voli. Jordanville, NY: Holy Trinity Monastery, 1983.

Almedingen, E. M. The Romanovs: Three Centuries of an Ill-Fated Dynasty. New York: Holt, Rinehart and Winston, 1966.

Ambler, Effie. Russian Journalism and Politics, 1861-1881: The Career of Aleksei S. Suvorin. Detroit: Wayne State University Press, 1972.

NOTE: Useful for Suvorin’s Antisemitism and how he allowed it to appear in his newspaper Novoe Vremya.

Anski, S. The Enemy at His Pleasure: A Journey Through the Jewish Pale of Settlement During World War I. New York: Metropolitan Books/Henry Holt and Co., 2002.

NOTE: Important for a view of conditions faced by Jewish refugees in the Pale of Settlement during World War I

Aronson, Michael. Troubled Waters: The Origins of the 1881 Anti-Jewish Pogroms in Russia. Pittsburgh, PA: University of Pittsburgh Press, 1990.

NOTE: A detailed history of the pogroms that followed Alexander III’s accession to the throne. Interesting information which absolves the authorities in St. Petersburg and Alexander III of accusations that they engineered the pogroms while also pointing out the Antisemitic tone that bubbled out of St. Petersburg and which, when filtered down to provincial officials, allowed them to act in collusion with the violence.

Ascher, Abraham. The Revolution of 1905. 2 Volumes. Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1988.

___ P. A. Stolypin: The Search for Stability in Late Imperial Russia. Stanford: Stanford University Press, 2001.

NOTE: Important for brief information on Stolypin’s proposed Jewish reforms.

Baring, Maurice. A Year in Russia. London: Methuen, 1907.

Baron, Salo. The Russian Jew under Tsars and Soviets. New York: Macmillan, 1976.

NOTE: A good general history on Jews in the Russian Empire, though now somewhat dated.

Beilis, Mendel. The Story of My Sufferings. New York: Mendel Beilis Publishing Co., 1926.

NOTE: Contains Beilis’s firsthand account of his arrest and trial for ritual murder.

Beizer, Mikhail. The Jews of St. Petersburg: Excursions through a Noble Past. Philadelphia: Jewish Publication Society of America, 1989.

NOTE: A few bits of information about Jewish inhabitants of St. Petersburg under various Romanov sovereigns.

Ben-Itto, Hadassa. The Lie that Wouldn’t Die: The Protocols of the Elders of Zion. London: Vallentine Mitchell, 2005.

NOTE: A general account of the history of the Protocols of the Elders of Zion.

Berk, Stephen M. Year of Crisis, Year of Hope: Russian Jewry and the Pogroms of 1881-2. Westport, CT: Greenwood Press, 1985.

NOTE: Like Aronson’s 1990 work, this focuses on the pogroms that followed Alexander III’s accession to the throne. Berk and Aronson agree that officials in St. Petersburg did not instigate any pogroms but set a tone that allowed provincial officials to accept the violence.

Bernstein, Herman. The Beilis Affair. New York: American Jewish Committee, 1914.

___ The History of a Lie: The Protocols of the Wise Men of Zion. New York: J. S. Ogilvie, 1921.

NOTE: The first title is an expose, now dated, concerning the Beilis trial, but which benefits from contemporary interviews and reports. The second is also dated, but is one of the first English-language books exposing the Protocols as fabrications.

Bing, Edward J., Editor. Letters of the Tsar Nicholas and Empress Marie. London: Ivor Nicholson and Watson, Ltd. 1937.

Bogdanovich, Alexandra. Tri poslednikh samoderzhtsa: Dnevnik, A.V. Bogdanovicha. Moscow: Gosizdat, 1924.

Bronner, Stephen Eric. A Rumor About the Jews: Reflections on Antisemitism and the Protocols of the Learned Elders of Zion. New York: Oxford University Press, 2003.

NOTE: A good general history of the forging of the Protocols, though none of the books outlining their fabrication tells what we believe to be the complete story.

Buchanan, Sir George. My Mission to Russia and Other Diplomatic Memories. Two volumes. London: Cassell, 1923.

Budish, J. M. The War and the Jews in Russia. New York: The National Workmen's Committee on Jewish Rights, 1916.

NOTE: Useful for pointing out the horrid conditions faced by Russia’s Jews during World War I.

Butterworth, Alex. The World That Never Was: A True Story of Dreamers, Schemers, Anarchists, and Secret Agents. New York: Knopf Doubleday, 2010.

NOTE: Good for general background on Rachkovsky and the fabrication of the Protocols.

Byrnes, Robert. Pobedonostsev: His Life and Thought. Bloomington, IN: Indiana University Press, 1968.

Cantor, Norman. The Sacred Chain: The History of the Jews. New York: HarperCollins, 1994.

Charques, Richard. The Twilight of Imperial Russia. London: Phoenix House, 1958.

Cherniavsky, Michael, Editor. Prologue to Revolution. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall, 1967.

Chernukha, V. G., Editor. Aleksandr III. Memuary, dnevnikovyye pis'ma. St. Petersburg: Pushkin Fund, 2001.

Cockfield, Jamie. White Crow: The Life and Times of the Grand Duke Nicholas Mikhailovich Romanov, 1859-1919. Westport, CT: Praeger, 2002.

Cohen, Naomi W. Jacob Schiff: A Study in American Jewish Leadership. Hanover, NH: Brandeis University Press/University Press of New England, 1999.

Cohn, Norman. Warrant for Genocide: The Myth of the Jewish World Conspiracy and the Protocols of the Elders of Zion. New York: Harper & Row, 1967.

NOTE: The first modern book to expose the fabrication of the Protocols. Generally holds up today.

Conroy, Mary Schaeffer. Peter Arkadʹevich Stolypin: Practical Politics in Late Tsarist Russia. Boulder, Colorado: Westview Press, 1976.

Crisp, Olga, and Linda Edmondson, Editors. Civil Rights in Imperial Russia. New York: Oxford University Press, 1989.

Cunningham, James. A Vanquished Hope: The Movement for Church Renewal in Russia, 1905-1906. Crestwood, NJ: St. Vladimir's Seminary Press, 1981.

Curtiss, John Shelton. Church and State in Russia, The Last Years of Empire 1900-1917. New York: Columbia University Press, 1940.

NOTE: The above two titles are essential to understanding the Antisemitism prevalent in the Russian Orthodox Church in Nicholas II’s reign.

Daly, Jonathan W. Autocracy Under Siege: Security Police and Opposition in Russia, 1866-1905. DeKalb, IL: Northern Illinois University Press, 1986.

Davies, Norman. God's Playground: A History of Poland. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1981.

Davitt, Michael. Within the Pale: The True Story of Anti-Semitic Persecution in Russia. New York: A. S. Barnes, 1908.

NOTE: An important work by a reporter, sent to Russia by William Randolph Hearst, who investigated the Kishinev Pogrom of 1903 and interviewed many people.

Dawidowicz, Lucy. The Golden Tradition: Jewish Life and Thought in Eastern Europe. Boston: Beacon Press, 1967.

Decle, Lionel. The New Russia. London: Eveleigh Nash, 1906.

de Jong, Alex. The Life and Times of Grigorii Rasputin. New York: Coward, McCann, 1982.

De Michelis, Casare. The Non-Existent Manuscript: A Study of the Protocols of the Sages of Zion. Lincoln, Nebraska: University of Nebraska Press, 2004.

NOTE: Useful for background on the fabrication of the Protocols, though the author’s conclusions are contradicted by other information.

Deterikhs, General Michael. Ubiistvo tsarskoi sem'i i chlenov doma Romanovykh na Urale. Vladivostok: Vladivostok Military Academy, 1922.

Decine, Michael J. John W. Foster: Politics and Diplomacy in the Imperial Era, 1873-1917. Athens, Ohio: Ohio University Press, 1981.

NOTE: Gives a good idea of the difficulties faced by Western ambassadors to Russia who raised issues concerning the treatment of Jews in the Empire.

Dillon, E. J. The Eclipse of Russia. London: J. M. Dent & Sons, Ltd., 1918.

Dubnow, Simon. History of the Jews in Poland and Russia. Three Volumes. Philadelphia: Jewish Publication Society of America, 1920.

NOTE: The standard work on the subject. Despite its publication more than a hundred years ago, it contains fully sourced and cited information that was essential as we pieced our book together.

Dundes, Alan. The Blood Libel Legend: A casebook in Anti-Semitic Folklore. Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 1991.

Eco, Umberto. Six Walks in the Fictional Woods. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1994.

Engelstein, Laura. The Keys to Happiness: Sex and the Search for Modernity in Fin-de-Siècle Russia. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 1994.

NOTE: Useful to outlining Antisemitism in Nicholas II’s reign.

Evreyskaya Entsiklopediya. Thirteen Volumes. St. Petersburg: Obshchestvo nauchnykh yevreyskikh izdaniy i izdatel'stvo Brokrauz-Yefron, 1906-1913.

Figes, Orlando. A People's Tragedy: The Russian Revolution 1891-1924. London: Random House, 1996.

Figes, Orlando, and Boris Kolonitskii. Interpreting the Russian Revolution: The Language and Symbols of 1917. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1999.

Florinsky, Michael T. Russia: A History and an Interpretation. Two Volumes. New York: Macmillan, 1958.

Foster, John Watson. Diplomatic Memoirs. Two Volumes. Boston: Houghton Mifflin Co., 1909.

NOTE: Again useful for exposing what Western diplomats faced when raising issues concerning Russia’s Jews with Tsarist officials.

Fulop-Miller, Rene. Rasputin: The Holy Devil. Garden City, NY: Viking, 1928.

Frankel, Jonathan. Prophecy and Politics: Socialism, Nationalism, and the Russian Jews, 1862-1917. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1981.

NOTE: A good general history of Jews during the last three Romanov reigns.

Frumkin, J., Editor. Russian Jewry (1860-1917). New York: Yoseloff, 1966.

Fuller, William C. The Foe Within: Fantasies of Treason and the End of Imperial Russia. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 2006.

NOTE: Useful in exposing the Antisemitism of the Army High Command and the retributions enacted against Jews during World War I.

Fuhrmann, Joseph. Rasputin: A Life. New York: Praeger, 1990.

Ganz, Hugo. The Downfall of Russia. London: Hodder and Stoughton, 1904.

Geifman, Anna. Thou Shalt Kill: Revolutionary Terrorism in Russia, 1894-1917. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1993.

Geifman, Anna, Editor. Russia Under the Last Tsar: Opposition and Subversion 1894-1917. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1999.

Geraci, Robert, and Michael Khodarkovsky. Of Religion and Empire: Missions, Conversion, and Tolerance in Tsarist Russia. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 2001.

Gessen, Yu. Istoriya evreyskogo naroda v Rossii. Two volumes. Leningrad: Gosizdat, 1925-1927.

NOTE: Contains important archival information principally concerning earlier Romanov reigns.

Giers, Nicholas de. The Education of a Russian Statesman: The Memoirs of Nicholas Karlovich Giers. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press, 1962.

Gitelman, Zvi. A Century of Ambivalence: The Jews of Russia and the Soviet Union 1881 to the Present. New York: Schocken Books, 1988.

NOTE: A large-format coffee-table book, heavily illustrated, but with some useful text.

Globachev, Konstantin, and Sofia Globacheva. The Truth of the Russian Revolution: The Memoirs of the Tsar's Chief of Security and his Wife. New York: State University of New York, 2017.

NOTE: Important in contradicting stories that Nicholas II ordered Minister of the Interior Alexander Protopopov to grant civil rights to Jews in late 1916, although the version given here is garbled and contradicted by addition information.

Goluboff, Sascha. Jewish Russians: Upheavals in a Moscow Synagogue. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2003.

NOTE: Useful in outlining Grand Duke Sergei Alexandrovich’s campaign against Moscow’s Jews and his repeated efforts to prevent their synagogue from opening.

Gould, Lewis. The William Howard Taft Presidency. Lawrence, KS: University Press of Kansas, 2009.

NOTE: Useful for America’s response to Russia’s suppression of its Jews.

Graves, Philip. The Truth About the Protocols: A Literary Forgery. London: Times Publishing, 1921.

NOTE: The first major English-language expose of the fabrication of the infamous Protocols.

Greenberg, Louis. The Jews in Russia. New York: Schocken Books, 1976.

Guzenberg, Oskar. Yesterday: Memoirs of a Russian-Jewish Lawyer. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press, 1981.

NOTE: Useful for background on the situation of Russia’s Jews under Nicholas II and for the Beilis trial.

Gurko, Vladimir. Features and Figures of the Past: Government and Opinion in the Reign of Nicholas II. New York: Russell & Russell, 1936.

Gurock, Jeffrey, Editor. American Jewish History. London, Routledge, 1998.

Hagermeister, Michael. “Sergei Nilus und die Protokolle der Weisen von Zion.” In Jahrbuch fur Antisemitismusforschung. Frankfurt: Campus Verlag, 1988.

NOTE: Contains some unique information on Nilus and his publication of the Protocols.

Hamm, Michael. Kiev: A Portrait, 1800-1917. Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 1993.

NOTE: Useful for understanding the position of Jews in Kiev, the pogroms enacted against them, and the Beilis trial.

Harcave, Sidney. Count Sergei Witte and the Twilight of Imperial Russia. Armonk, New York: M. E. Sharpe, 2004.

Hasegawa, Tsuyoshi. The February Revolution: Petrograd, 1917. Seattle: University of Washington Press, 1981.

Healy, Ann Erickson. The Russian Autocracy in Crisis, 1905-1907. Hamden, CT: Archon Books, 1976.

Heillbronner, Hans. “Pogroms in Russia.” In Modern Encyclopedia of Russian and Soviet History. Volume 28. Gulf Breeze, Florida, Academic International Press, 1977.

Herzl, Theodor. The Complete Diaries of Theodor Herzl. Five Volumes. London: Herzl Press and Thomas Yoseloff, 1960.

NOTE: Includes interviews with Vyacheslav Plehve and Sergei Witte about Russia’s suppression of its Jews.

Hibbert, Christopher. The Royal Victorians: King Edward VII, His Family and Friends. Philadelphia: Lippincott, 1976.

The History of the Times. Four volumes. London: The Times, 1935-1952.

Howe, Mark Antony DeWolfe. George von Lengerke Meyer: His Life and Public Services. New York: Dodd, Mead and Co., 1919.

Hughes, Michael. Diplomacy Before the Russian Revolution: Britain, Russia and the Old Diplomacy 1894-1917. Basingstoke, UK: Macmillan, 2000.

Hundert, G. D., and G. C. Bacon. The Jews in Poland and Russia: Bibliographical Essays. Bloomington, IN: Indiana University Press, 1984.

lbogen, Ismar. A Century of Jewish Life. Philadelphia: The Jewish Publication Society of America, 1944.

NOTE: Although a dated, older study, this still contains much valuable information.

Johnson, Paul. A History of the Jews. New York: Harper & Row, 1987.

Judge, Edward. Plehve: Repression and Reform in Imperial Russia, 1902-1904. Syracuse: Syracuse University Press, 1983.

___ Easter in Kishinev: Anatomy of a Pogrom. New York: New York University Press, 1992.

NOTE: Two important books in understanding Vyacheslav Plehve, his reaction to the pogroms, and specifically the Kishinev Pogrom of 1903.

Katkov, George. Russia 1917: The February Revolution. London: Longmans, Green, 1967.

Kerensky, Alexander. The Crucifixion of Liberty. New York: Day, 1934.

Khiterer, Victoria. Jewish City or Inferno of Russian Israel? A History of the Jews in Kiev before February 1917. Brighton: Academic Studies Press, 2016.

NOTE: Contains important analysis of the assassination of Peter Stolypin in Kiev in 1911.

King, Greg, and Penny Wilson. The Fate of the Romanovs. New York: Wiley, 2003.

Klier, John. Russia Gathers Her Jews: The Origins of the Jewish Question in Russia, 1772-1825. DeKalb, IL: Northern Illinois University Press, 1986.

__ Imperial Russia's Jewish Question, 1855-1881. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1995.

NOTE: Two essential works in understanding Jews in the last decades of Imperial Russia.

Klier, John, and Shlomo Lambroza, Editors. Pogroms: Anti-Jewish Violence in Modern Russian History. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1992.

NOTE: An important analysis of pogroms under Alexander III and Nicholas II.

Klier, John, and Helen Mingay. The Quest for Anastasia. New York: Birch Lane, 1997.

Kleinmichel, Countess Marie. Memories of a Shipwrecked World. London: Brentano's, 1923.

Knightly, Phillip. The First Casualty: From the Crimea to Vietnam: The War Correspondent as Hero, Propagandist, and Myth Maker. New York: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, 1975.

Knox, Major-General Sir Alfred. With the Russian Army. Two Volumes. New York: Dutton, 1821.

Kokovtsov, Vladimir. Out of My Past: The Memoirs of Count Kokovtsov. Palo Alto: Stanford University Press, 1935.

Laqueur, Walter. Russia and Germany: A Century of Conflict. London: Weidenfeld and Nicolson, 1966.

___ Black Hundred: The Rise of the Extreme Right in Russia. New York: HarperCollins, 1993.

NOTE: The first contains much information on pogroms and the Protocols, while the second deals with the historical Union of the Russian People and the Black Hundred and their modern revivals in Putin’s Russia.

Larson, Nathan. Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn und die moderne russisch-jüdische Frage. Stuttgart: Ibidem-Verlag, 2005.

Latimer, R. S. Under Three Tsars: Liberty of Conscience in Russia, 1856-1909. London: Morgan and Scott, 1909.

Latimer, Elizabeth Wormeley. Russia and Turkey in the 19^th Century. London: A. C. McClury & Co. 1895.

Lederhendler, Eli. The Road to Modern Jewish Politics: Political Tradition and Political Reconstruction in the Jewish Community of Tsarist Russia. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1989.

NOTE: Much useful information on official Antisemitic policies under Alexander III and Nicholas II.

Lee, Sir Sidney. King Edward VII: A Biography. Two Volumes. New York: Macmillan, 1917.

Leikin, Ezekiel. The Beilis Transcripts: The Antisemitic Trial That Shook the World. Northvale, NJ: Jason Aronson, 1993.

NOTE: A primary source, using transcripts from the trial, which was essential in understanding the Beilis prosecution.

Levin, Edward. A Child of Christian Blood: Murder and Conspiracy in Tsarist Russia: The Beilis Blood Libel. New York: Schocken, 2014.

NOTE: The best modern look at the Beilis trial.

Levitats, Isaac. The Jewish Community in Russia, 1772-1844. New York: Columbia University Press, 1943.

Lincoln, W. Bruce. Nicholas I: Emperor and Autocrat of All the Russias. Bloomington, Indiana: Indiana University Press, 1978.

___ The Romanovs: Autocrats of All the Russias. New York: Dial Press, 1981.

___ In War's Dark Shadow: The Russians Before the Great War. New York: Dial Press, 1983.

___ Passage through Armageddon: The Russians in War and Revolution, 1914-1918. New York: Simon and Schuster, 1986

Loewe, Louis, Editor. Diaries of Sir Moses and Lady Montefiore. London: Griffith, Farran, Okeden & Welsh, 1890.

NOTE: Contains accounts of Sir Moses Montefiore’s visits to Nicholas I and Alexander II.

Lowe, Charles. Alexander III of Russia. New York: Macmillan, 1895.

Luckett, Richard. The White Generals: An Account of the White Movement and the Russian Civil War. London: Longman, 1971.

Margolin, Arnold. The Jews of Eastern Europe. New York: Thomas Seltzer, 1926.

NOTE: Dated but essential in understanding the complicated background.

Marie Pavlovna, Grand Duchess of Russia. Education of a Princess. New York: Viking, 1933.

Maylunas, Andrei, and Sergei Mironenko. A Lifelong Passion: Nicholas & Alexandra, Their Own Story. London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson, 1996.

McConnell, Allen. Tsar Alexander I: Paternalistic Reformer. New York: Crowell, 1970.

Meakin, Annette. Russia: Travels and Studies. London: Hurst and Blackett, 1906.

Mendelsohn, Ezra. Class Struggle in the Pale: The Formative Years of the Jewish Workers’ Movement in Tsarist Russia. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1970.

NOTE: Useful for understanding the limited extent of Jewish involvement in revolutionary activities.

Michels, Georg, J. Eugene Clay, Theodore R. Weeks, John D. Klier, Michael Khodarkovsky, Paul W. Werth, Sergei Kan, Dittmar Schorkowitz, Firouzeh Mostashari, Agnes Kefeli, Robert P. Geraci, and Shoshana Keller. Of Religion and Empire: Missions, Conversion, and Tolerance in Tsarist Russia. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 2001.

Miliukov, Paul. Political Memoirs 1905-1917. Ann Arbor, Michigan: University of Michigan Press, 1967.

Mironov, Boris. The Social History of Imperial Russia, 1700-1917. Boulder, Colorado: Westview Press, 1999.

Mironova, Tatiana. Iz-pod lzhi: tsar' Nikolay II i Grigoriy Rasputina. Moscow: IPK Vesti, 2005.

Moe, Ronald C. Prelude to the Revolution: The Murder of Rasputin. Chula Vista, CA: Aventine Press, 2011.

Montefiore, Simon Sebag. The Romanovs, 1613-1918. New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 2016.

Mossolov, Alexander. At the Court of the Last Tsar. London: Methuen, 1935.

Moynahan, Brian. Rasputin: The Saint Who Sinned. New York: Random House, 1997.

Naryshkina-Kurakina, Elizabeth. Under Three Tsars. New York: Dutton, 1931.

Nathans, Benjamin. Beyond the Pale: The Jewish Encounter with Late Imperial Russia. Stanford: University of California Press, 2002.

NOTE: Contains much useful background information.

Oldenburg, S. S. Last Tsar: Nicholas II, His Reign and His Russia. Four Volumes. Gulf Breeze, Florida: Academic International Publications, 1977.

Paleologue, Maurice. An Ambassador’s Memoirs. Three Volumes. New York: Doran, 1925.

Paoli, Xavier. My Royal Clients. London: Hodder and Stoughton, 1912.

Pares, Sir Bernard. Fall of the Russian Monarchy. New York: Knopf, 1939.

___ A History of Russia. New York: Knopf, 1947.

Pierce, Ruth. Trapped in Black Russia. Boston: Houghton Mifflin Company, 1918.

NOTE: A firsthand account of visits through war-torn Russia and the Pale of Settlement during World War I.

Perets, Egor. Dnevnik. Moscow: Gosizdat, 1927.

NOTE: Focuses on his political career, but also contains much on the question of Jewish rights.

Perry, Marvin, and Frederick Schweitzer. Antisemitic Myths: A Historical and Contemporary Anthology. Bloomington, IN: Indiana University Press, 2008.

NOTE: A good general account of the most common reasons for Antisemitism.

Petrovsky-Shtern, Yohanan. Jews in the Russian Army, 1827-1917: Drafted into Modernity. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2008.

NOTE: Essential for understanding Jewish participation in the war under the Russian flag, and subsequent repression. Not an easy read.

Pinson, K. S., Editor. Essays on Antisemitism. New York: The Comet Press, 1946.

Pipes, Richard. The Russian Revolution. New York: Knopf, 1990.

__ Russia Under the Bolshevik Regime. New York: Alfred A Knopf, 1993.

Platonov, Oleg. Voyna Taynogo Mirovogo Pravitel'stva s Rossiyey. Moscow: Algorithm Publishing House, 2006.

___ Tayna Protokolov sionskikh mudretsov. Moscow: Rodnaya Strana Publishing House, 2015.

___ Mify i pravda o pogromakh. Moscow: Yauza Publishing House, Presscom, 2005.

___ Yevreyskiy vopros v Rossiyskom gosudarstve. Moscow: Rodnaya Strana Publishing House, 2013.

Poliakov, Leon. The History of Antisemitism. London: Elek Books, 1965.

Rabinowicz, H. The World of Hasidism. London: Hartmore House, 1970.

Radzinsky, Edvard. The Rasputin File. New York: Nan A. Talese Books, 2000.

Raisin, Max. A History of the Jews in Modern Times. New York: Hebrew Publishing Company, 1919.

Raleigh, Donald, and Akhmed Iskenderov. The Emperors and Empresses of Russia: Rediscovering the Romanovs. Armonk, NY: M. E. Sharpe, 1996.

Rasputin, Maria. My Father. London: Cassell, 1934.

Rawson, Donald C. Russian Rightists and the Revolution of 1905. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1995.

Reznik, G. M. Delo Mendelya Beylisa: materialy Chrezvychaynoy sledstvennoy komissii Vremennogo pravitel'stva po delu 1913 goda po obvineniyu v ritual'nom ubiystve. St. Petersburg: Dmitry Bulanin, 1999.

NOTE: Contains some unique archival information on the Beilis trial.

Riasanovsky, Nicholas. History of Russia. New York: Oxford University Press, 1983.

Robinson, Paul. Grand Duke Nikolai Nikolaevich, Supreme Commander of the Russian Army. DeKalb, Illinois, Northern Illinois University Press, 2016.

Rodzianko, M. V. The Reign of Rasputin: An Empire’s Collapse. London: Philpot, 1927.

Rogger, Hans. Russia in the Age of Modernisation and Revolution, 1881-1917. London: Longmans, 1983.

___ Jewish Policies and Right-Wing Politics in Imperial Russia. London: Macmillan, 1986.

NOTE: The second title is important to understanding Antisemitic policy under Alexander III and Nicholas II.

Ross, Nikolai, Editor. Gibel’ tsarskoi sem’i: Materialy sledstviia po delu ob ubiistve Tsarskoi sem’i (avgust 1918-fevral’ 1920). Berlin: Possev Verlag, 1987.

Rudd, Charles, and Sergei Stepanov. Fontanka 16. Montreal: McGill-Queens University Press, 1999.

NOTE: Contains much useful information on the Protocols, though the authors’ insistence that the Okhrana had nothing to do with their fabrication is contradicted by all other evidence.

Salisbury, Harrison. Black Night, White Snow: Russia’s Revolutions, 1905-1917. Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1978.

Sacher, Howard Morley. A History of the Jews in the Modern World. New York: Vintage Books, 2006.

Samuel, Maurice. Blood Accusation: The Strange History of the Beilis Case. New York: Alfred A Knopf, 1966.

NOTE: Though dated, a good history of the Beilis trial.

Sasson, H. H. Ben. A History of the Jewish People. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1976.

Segel, Binjamin. A Lie and a Libel: The History of the Protocols of the Elders of Zion. Omaha: University of Nebraska Press, 1995.

NOTE: A useful examination of the roots of the Protocols.

Semenov, Evgenii. The Russian Government and the Massacres: A Page of the Russian Counter Revolution. London: John Murray, 1907.

NOTE: Includes transcripts of Duma interpolations about the pogroms.

Service, Robert. The Last of the Tsars: Nicholas II and the Russian Revolution. London Macmillan, 2017.

Seton-Watson, Hugh. The Russian Empire, 1801-1917. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1967.

Shavit, David. United States Relations with Russia and the Soviet Union: A Historical Dictionary. Westport, CT: Greenwood Press, 1993.

Shavelsky, Georgi. Vospominania poslednevo protopresvitera ruskoi armii i flota. New York: Chekhov, 1954.

Shchegolev, P. E., Editor. Padenie tsarskogo rezhima: Stenografisheskie otchety doprosov I pokazanii, dannisk v 1917 g v. Chrezvychainoi Sledstvennoi Komissii Vremennogo Pravitel’stva. Seven Volumes. Moscow and Leningrad: Gosizdat, 1924-1927.

NOTE: Essential reading for anyone digging deeper into the last years of Imperial Russia.

Shnirelman, V. A. Plemya Danovo: eskhatologiya i antisemitizm v sovremennoy Rossii. Moscow: BBI Publishing House, 2017.

NOTE: Contains some unique archival information on Antisemitism under Nicholas II.

Shulgin, Vasili. The Years. New York: Hippocrene Books, 1984.

Skuratovsky, Vadim. Problema avtorstva Protokolov sionskikh mudretsov. Kiev: Dukh i litera, 2001.

NOTE: A Russian analysis of the Protocols.

Smith, Douglas. Rasputin: Faith, Power and the Twilight of the Romanovs. New York: Farrar, Strauss and Giroux, 2016.

Sokolov, Nicholas. Enquete Judiciare sur l’Assassinat de la Famille Imperiale Russe. Paris: Payot, 1924.

Spiridovich, Alexander. Les Derniers annes de la cour de Tsarskoie Selo. Paris: Payot, 1928.

Stanislawski, Michael. Tsar Nicholas I and the Jews. Philadelphia: Jewish Publication Society of America, 1983.

NOTE: The only work to fully examine Antisemitic policy under Nicholas I.

Stavrou, Theofanis. Russia Under the Last Tsar. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1969.

Steinberg, Mark, and Vladimir Khrustalev. The Fall of the Romanovs: Political Dreams and Personal Struggles in a Time of Revolution. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1995.

Stepanov S. A. Chernaya sotnya. Moscow: Eksmo, 2005.

Stiles, W. C. Out of Kishineff: The Duty of the American People to the Russian Jew. New York: Dillingham, 1903.

Stockdale, Melissa. Paul Miliukov and the Quest for a Liberal Russia, 1880-1918. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 1997.

Summers, Anthony, and Tom Mangold. The File on the Tsar. London: Gollancz, 1976.

Tarsaidze, Alexandre. Czars and Presidents: The Story of a Forgotten Friendship. New York: McDowell/Obolensky, 1958.

Tager, Alexander. The Decay of Czarism: The Beilis Trial. Philadelphia: Jewish Publication Society of America, 1935.

NOTE: Although quite dated, this is a good general look at the Beilis trial.

Tisdall, E. E. P. The Dowager Empress. London: Stanley Paul, 1957.

Trufanov, Sergei (Iliodor). The Mad Monk of Russia. New York: Century, 1918.

NOTE: Useful for Iliodor’s explanations of his Antisemitism and interactions involving Jewish issues with Nicholas II.

Tuchman, Barbara. The Proud Tower: A Portrait of the World Before the War, 1890-1914. New York: Macmillan, 1966.

Ular, Alexander. Russia From Within. New York: Henry Holt, 1905.

Urusov, Sergei. Memoirs of a Russian Governor. New York: Harper & Brothers, 1908.

NOTE: A critical source on Antisemitic policy and pogroms under Nicholas II.

Vishniak, Mark. “Antisemitism in Tsarist Russia.” In Essays on Antisemitism. New York: Conference on Jewish Relations, 1946.

Voeikov, Vladimir. S tsarem i bez tsarya. Moscow: Rodnik, 1994.

Vorres, Ian. The Last Grand Duchess. London: Hutchinson, 1964.

Waldron, Peter. Between Two Revolutions: Stolypin and the Politics of Renewal in Russia. Chicago: Northern Illinois University Press, 1998.

Warth, Robert D. Nicholas II: The Life and Reign of Russia’s Last Monarch. Westport, CT: Praeger, 1997.

Warwick, Christopher. Ella: Princess, Saint and Martyr. New York: John Wiley & Sons, 2006.

Weinberg, Robert. Blood Libel in Late Imperial Russia: The Ritual Murder Trial of Mendel Beilis. Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 2013.

NOTE: A good, recent analysis of the Beilis trial.

White, Arnold. The Modern Jew. New York: Frederick A. Stokes Company, 1899.

NOTE: Contains a scathing interview with Pobedonostsev about Jewish life in Russia.

White, Andrew Dickson. Autobiography of Andrew Dickson White. Two Volumes. New York: Century, 1905.

Wilton, Robert. Russia's Agony. London: Edward Arnold, 1918.

___ The Last Days of the Romanovs. London: Thornton Butterworth, 1920.

NOTE: Wilton’s two books are full of Antisemitic accusations, and are one of the principal sources for the erroneous claim that Jews killed Nicholas II and his family in some kind of racial/ritual murder.

Witte, Count Serge. The Memoirs of Count Witte. Edited by Sydney Harcave. Armonk, New York: M. E. Sharpe, Inc., 1990.

NOTE: Essential on Jewish issues under Alexander III and Nicholas II, but best read with caution as Witte was never above aggrandizing himself and portraying himself as a champion for Jewish rights contrary to much of the evidence.

Wolf, Lucien. The Legal Sufferings of the Jews in Russia. London: T. F. Unwin, 1912.

___ The Myth of the Jewish Menace in World Affairs. New York: Macmillan, 1921.

NOTE: Two worthwhile books that, while dated, still expose much of Russia’s Antisemitic policies and the fabrication of the Protocols.

Wortman, Richard S. Scenarios of Power: Myth and Ceremony in Russian Monarchy: From Alexander II to the Abdication of Nicholas II. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2000.

Yarmolinsky, Avrahm. The Road to Revolution. New York: Macmillan, 1959.

Yusupov, Prince Felix. Lost Splendor. New York: G. P. Putnam’s Sons, 1954.

Zaionchkovsky, Peter. The Russian Autocracy under Alexander III. Gulf Breeze, Florida: Academic International Publications, 1976.

Zipperstein, Steven J. Imagining Russian Jewry: Memory, History, Identity. Seattle: University of Washington Press, 1999.

___ Pogrom: Kishinev and the Tilt of History. New York: Liveright, 2018.

NOTE: Two essential works on Imperial Antisemitic policy. The volume on Kishinev is the best modern work in English.

Zuckerman, F. S. The Tsarist Secret Police Abroad: Policing Europe in a Modernising World. New York: New York University Press, 2003.

Articles

Butsev, V. L. “Les Protocoles de Sion.” In Common Cause, No. 273, April 14, 1921.

NOTE: Important in understanding the Okhrana’s role in the fabrication of the Protocols.

Ananich, Boris, and Rafail Ganelin. “Nikolai II.” In Voprosy istorii, No. 2, 1993: 58-76.

Chernukha, Valentina. “Aleksandr III.” In Voprosy istorii. No. 11/12, 1992:46-47.

Hagermeister, Michael. “Wer war Sergej Nilus? Versuch einer Bio-Bibliographischen Skizze.” In Ostkirchliche Studien, Volume 40, No. 1, 1991: 49-63.

___ “Sergei Nilus.” In Antisemitism. A Historical Encyclopedia of Prejudice and Persecution. Edited by Richard Levy. Volume 2. Santa Barbara, CA.: ABC-Clio, 2005.

___ “Die Protokolle der Weisen von Zion: Zwischen Geschichte und Fiktion.” In New German Critique, No. 35, 2008, 103: 83–95.

NOTE: Three important works unraveling the role of Nilus and the fabrication of the Protocols.

Klier, John. “Zhid: The Biography of a Russian Pejorative.” In Slavonic and East European Review, Volume LX, No. 1, 1982: 1-15.

NOTE: Essential for understanding why the term “Zhid” was deliberately offensive when used by Alexander III and Nicholas II.

Kulikov, Sergei. “Emperor Nicholas II and the State Duma: Unknown Plans and Missed Opportunities.” In Russian Studies in History, Volume 50, No. 4, Spring 2012, 44–78.

Lauchlan, Iain. “Okhrana Connections to the Extreme-Right and the Attempt to Assassinate Sergei Witte in 1907.” In Revolutionary Russia, Volume 14, No. 2 (December 2001): 1-32.

Pipes, Richard. “Catherine II and the Jews: The Origins of the Pale of Settlement.” In Soviet Jewish Affairs, No. 5, (1975): 3-20.

Rogger, Hans. “The Beilis Case: Antisemitism and Politics in the Reign of Nicholas II.” In Slavic Review, Volume 25, Issue 4 (December 1966): 615-629.

Schoenberg, Philip Ernest. “The American Reaction to the Kishinev Pogrom of 1903.” In American Jewish Historical Quarterly, Volume 63, No. 3 (1974): 262–283.

Newspapers and Periodicals

American Hebrew, New York

Daily Press, Washington, D. C.

Evreiskaia Tribuna, Moscow

Jewish News Agency

Krasni Arkhiv, Moscow

Krymskii Vestnik, Yalta

L'Express, Paris

London Telegraph

Moskovsky Komsomolets

New York Herald

New York Times

New York Tribune

New York World

Poslednye Novosti, Paris

The Times, London

La Tribune Juive, Paris

Times of Israel

Internet Articles

Berdnikov, Lev. “Na pereput'ye. Aleksandr II i yevrei.” 2020. At https://www.chayka.org/node/11049.

Löwe, Heinz-Dietrich. “Pogrome in Rußland, 1903-1905/6.” At https://lost-contact.mit.edu/afs/urz.uni-heidelberg.de/u/zegk/oa3/WWW/lehrstuhl/POGROME.html

NOTE: Contains essential information on pogroms in Russia under Nicholas II.

Margolin, Dovid. “Vek spustya: novyye otkrytiya o sude nad Mendelem Beylisom.” At https://www.chabad.org/library/article_cdo/aid/2363555/jewish/A-Century-Later-New-Discoveries-About-the-Trial-of-Mendel-Beilis.htm.

NOTE: Draws on some unique Russian material concerning the trial of Mendel Beilis.

“More Than a Century of Antisemitism: How Successive Occupants of the Kremlin Have Used Antisemitism to Spread Disinformation and Propaganda.” U. S. Department of State, January, 2024, at https://www.state.gov/wp-content/uploads/2024/01/GEC-Special-Report-More-than-a-Century-of-Antisemitism.pdf.

NOTE: Critical look at renewed Antisemitic accusations in Putin’s Russia and especially concerning the war in Ukraine.

Podbolotov, Sergei. “And the Entire Mass of Loyal People Leapt Up.” At http://journals.openedition.org/monderusse/8682.

Polonsky, Anthony. “The Position of the Jews in the Tsarist Empire, 1881-1905.” At https://www.brandeis.edu/tauber/events/Polonsky_vol2%20_%20ch1.pdf.

Tabak, Yuri. “Otnosheniya Russkoy Pravoslavnoy Tserkvi i iudaizma: proshloye i nastoyashcheye.” At https://www.jcrelations.net/de/artikel/artikel/relations-between-the-russian-orthodox-church-and-judaism-past-and-present.html.

“Way of the Orthodox Sergius Alexandrovich Nilus.” St. John the Baptist Parish, Canberra, Australia, at https://www.stjohnthebaptist.org.au/en/articles/way-nilus.html.

Internet Resources

Anti-Defamation League

https://www.adl.org/

Church of St. John the Evangelist https://omolenko.com/publicistic/rasputin2.htm

Imperial Orthodox Palestine Society, at https://www.ippo.ru/historyippo/article/velikiy-knyaz-sergey-aleksandrovich-i-evreyskiy-vo-202836

https://www.bbc.com

NOTE: Defends Grand Duke Sergei Alexandrovich against accusations of Antisemitism by claiming that the Jews were behind the tales.

https://www.cbc.ca/radio/asithappens/russian-rabbi-antisemitism-1.6703546

http://pimtr.narod.ru/Iz-pod_lzhy/Iz-pod_lzhy_text.html

http://www.nashaepoha.ru/?page=obj55917&lang=1&id=503

http://www.nashaepoha.ru/?page=obj55917&lang=1&id=502

https://catofoldmemory.livejournal.com/211075.html

https://www.stjohnthebaptist.org.au/en/articles/way-nilus.html

https://www.chayka.org/node/11430

https://eleven.co.il/jews-of-russia/general/15442/

https://om-saratov.ru/publikacii/24-June-2014-i12311-saratovskaya-eparxiya-ludi-god

Other Materials

Langer, Jacob. Corruption and the Counterrevolution: The Rise and Fall of the Black Hundred. Unpublished PhD Thesis, Duke University, 2007.

McKee, Claire. British Perceptions of Tsar Nicholas II and Empress Alexandra Feodorovna, 1894-1918. Unpublished PhD Thesis. UC, London, 2016.

Reed, Andrew. For One’s Brothers: Daniil Avraamovich Khvol’son and the Jewish Question in Russia, 1819-1911. Unpublished PhD Thesis, Arizona State University, 2014.

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